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Friday, April 17, 2020

Đâu là một vài sự thật xoắn não nhất về thành phố Hồ Chí Minh?

Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh hoặc Sài Gòn trong quá khứ đã từng sở hữu một pháo đài theo kiến trúc Vauban (Vô – băng) khổng lồ. Thực tế, đó từng là căn cứ quân sự lớn nhất tại miền nam Việt Nam trong suốt giai đoạn cuối thế kỉ XVIII và đầu thế kỉ XIX, với kiến trúc và thiết kế mang đậm phong cách châu Âu đặc trưng. Là một người hâm mộ lịch sử chiến tranh, pháo đài phong cách Vauban của Sài Gòn thật sự là một trong những bí mật xoắn não nhất về thành phố Hồ Chí Minh mà không nhiều người thực sự biết tới.
Thành Điện Hải do người Pháp thiết kế? | Kiến Việt net
Vào năm 1790, theo lệnh của chúa Nguyễn Ánh (阮暎, 1762 – 1820), người sau này trở thành vị vua đầu tiên của triều Nguyễn, một tổ hợp căn cứ quân sự đã được xây dựng tại chính trung tâm của thành phố Hồ Chí Minh ngày nay. Với thiết kế ban đầu của Theodore Lebrun và sau này là Olivier de Puymanel (1768–1799), hai sĩ quan người Pháp phục vụ cho chúa Nguyền Ánh, dưới sự giám sát trực tiếp của quan võ Trần Văn Học, pháo đài quân sự của Sài Gòn đã được dựng lên với kiến trúc phong cách Vauban, tương tự với rất nhiều thành trì quân sự khác ở châu Âu tại thời điểm bấy giờ [1].
Vì sao vua Gia Long trả thù tàn khốc nhà Tây Sơn?
Thực tế, thành Sài Gòn là tòa thành đầu tiên trong vô số các pháo đài quân sự mang phong cách Vauban của Việt Nam, mà lần lượt được xây dựng trải khắp chiều dài đất nước trong suốt thời gian trị vì của các vua Minh Mạng, Triệu Trị và Tự Đức, ba vị hoàng đề của triều Nguyễn. Thủa ban đầu, thành Sài Gòn được xây cất với mục đích phòng thủ cho thành phố và quận Gia Định khỏi sự tấn công của vương triều Tây Sơn, một địch thủ của chúa Nguyễn Ánh. Sau đó, trong năm 1820, thành Gia Định được tăng cường và gia cố dày đặc bởi tổng trấn Lê Văn Duyệt (黎文悅, 1763–1832) để trở thành trung tâm quân sự lớn nhất tại miền nam Việt Nam với mục tiêu bảo vệ đất nước khỏi những cuộc tấn công từ Cam-pu-chia và Xiêm La. Vào năm 1819, thành Sài Gòn cũng là nơi mà John White (1782–1840), một sĩ quan Hải quân Hoa Kỳ, có chuyến viếng thăm như là một trong những người Mỹ đầu tiên đặt chăn lên Việt Nam [2].
Dù vậy, những năm tháng bình yên của pháo đài Sài Gòn cuối cùng cũng chấm dứt vào năm 1833, với cuộc nổi dậy của Lê Văn Khôi (1833 – 1835), một trong những sự kiện binh biến lớn nhất trong suốt thời gian trị vì của vua Minh Mạng (明命, 1791–1841) [3]. Sau cái chết của tổng trấn Lê Văn Duyệt vào năm 1832 cùng với việc truy tố gia đình ông bởi vua Minh Mạng, người con nuôi của ông Lê Văn Khôi đã giúp những nhà truyền đạo người Pháp cùng với quân đội Xiêm La bắt đầu dấy binh chống lại nhà Nguyễn. Ban đầu, quân nổi dậy chiếm thành Gia Định và giữ được thành trong hơn hai năm (1833 – 1835). Bởi lối kiến trúc Vauban của nó, tòa thành đã tạo ra vô số khó khăn cho quân đội nhà Nguyễn, kể từ khi đại bác của họ không thể khai hỏa và xuyên phá hiệu quả vào những bức tường thành cao và dày. Cuối cùng, sau hơn hai năm dưới sự tấn công giữ dội, pháo đài Sài Gòn cuối cùng cũng được tái chiếm lại bởi quân triều đình.
Vua Minh Mạng từng kiệt quệ vì mây mưa? | Tiếng địa phương Wiki ...
Theo chỉ dụ của vua Minh Mạng, số còn lại của người dân và tù binh trong thành, cả thảy 1,831 người, đều bị hành quyết và đem chôn dưới một hố chôn tập thể lớn nhất trong lịch sử Việt Nam. Về mặt lịch sử, nơi đây được gọi là “Mả Ngụy” hoặc “Nghĩa trang của đám bù nhìn/ quân nổi dậy”. Lê Văn Khôi tử trận trước cái ngày mà tòa thành bị tái chiếm, dù vậy, tro cốt của ông ta sau đó bị nghiền vụn thành bụi và xả xuống cầu tiêu. Pháo đài Sài Gòn với kiến trúc Vauban cũng không thể thoát khỏi số phận của nó, với việc bị tháo dỡ hoàn toàn và trở thành “Gia Định phế thành” (“Waste Citadel of Gia Định”). Năm 1836, một công sự mới được xây dựng gần với tòa thành cũ Sài Gòn và được gọi là “Phụng Thành” (“Citadel of the Phoenix”), với thiết kế được tối giản hóa hơn so với tòa thành cũ [4].
Đáng tiếc là, vào tháng 2 năm 1859, Phụng Thành cũng đã thất thủ dưới sự tấn công của liên quân Pháp – Tây Ban Nha trong cuộc chiến chống lại Việt Nam [5]. Ngày nay, rất nhiều sử gia Việt Nam tin rằng nếu thành cổ phong cách Vauban được bảo tồn, nó đã không dễ dàng rơi vào tay kẻ địch như những gì đã diễn ra vào năm 1859. Vào tháng 3 năm 1859, tòa thành bị đánh sập hoàn toàn bởi quân đoàn Viễn chinh Pháp cùng với tất cả những công trình bên trong. Dù vậy, trong suốt trận thành Gia Định (1859 – 1861) và sau đó là những năm tháng hình thành của chế độ cai trị thực dân Pháp tại miền nam Việt Nam, “Phụng Thành” được xây dựng lại và tái thiết kế để trở thành một đồn trú quân sự cho lực lượng lích thủy đánh bộ (régiments d'infanterie de marine), quân đoàn có nhiệm vụ bảo vệ thành phố Sài Gòn.
Sau hơn 160 năm kể từ ngày người Pháp chiếm đóng Sài Gòn năm 1859, ngày nay, những thứ sót lại của thành Sài Gòn hoặc thành Gia Định chỉ còn là hai tòa nhà phong cách Pháp tọa lạc tại cả hai bên phố Đinh Tiên Hoàng, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh ngày nay [6]. Chúng từng được sử dụng như là cổng vào của một đồn trú quân sự Pháp, được xây dựng trên nền móng của “Phụng Thành” cũ.
Với câu trả lời này, tôi hi vọng bạn đọc sẽ biết thêm được đâu là một trong những sự thật xoắn não nhất về thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Một lần nữa, cảm ơn tất cả mọi người đã lướt qua câu trả lời của tôi và xin trân trọng.

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